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		<title>truth booth online</title>
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		<title>The &#8216;Infamous&#8217; Teddy Bear Muhammad</title>
		<link>http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/2007/12/26/the-infamous-teddy-bear-muhammad/</link>
		<comments>http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/2007/12/26/the-infamous-teddy-bear-muhammad/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 Dec 2007 00:51:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sukran</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Different Voices]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[
Teddy Bear Muhammad™ © 2007 All Rights Reserved.
If You Support Freedom, Spread The Word
Feel free to share with others our website, insert links on your website or use the following banners.
Right Click on the image below, select Save As. Please point all links to http://www.teddybearmuhammad.com/ 
The History:
It all started with a teacher and students in [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=differentvoices.wordpress.com&blog=1913052&post=12&subd=differentvoices&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><a rel="attachment wp-att-11" href="http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/2007/12/26/the-infamous-teddy-bear-muhammad/the-infamous-teddy-bear-muhammad-2/" title="The ‘Infamous’ Teddy Bear Muhammad"><img width="685" src="http://differentvoices.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/tbmuhammad.gif?w=685&#038;h=624" alt="The ‘Infamous’ Teddy Bear Muhammad" height="624" /></a></p>
<p><span class="style19"><font size="2" color="#999999">Teddy Bear Muhammad™ © 2007 All Rights Reserved.</font></span></p>
<p align="center"><span class="style21">If You Support Freedom, Spread The Word</span><br />
<span class="style10"><font size="2">Feel free to share with others our website, insert links on your website or use the following banners.<br />
Right Click on the image below, select Save As. Please point all links to http://www.teddybearmuhammad.com/ </font></span></p>
<p align="center"><font size="2"><span class="style10">The History:<br />
It all started with a teacher and students in Sudan. Gillian Gibbons, the teacher sentenced Thursday, Nov. 29th &#8216;07 to 15 days in jail because she allowed her class of 7-year-olds to name a teddy bear, Muhammad. We agree with the 7-year old kids and Mrs. Gibbons right to do this, and we liked the idea too. </span><span class="style10">The Sudanese children wanted to name their Teddy Bear after the most popular boy in the class; this does not disrespect a person, prophet, or religion, to the contrary, the name they chose for their Teddy Bear was out of fondness and respect for a person they cared about; someone they honored. Around the world, buildings, parks, institutions and other places are often named and dedicated after a noteworthy and special person; out of great respect. </span></font></p>
<p><span class="style10"><font size="2">Why a Teddy Bear Muhammad™:<br />
The main goal of Teddy Bear Muhammad™ is to spread our fundamental belief in human rights which includes the freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, and the freedom of thought and open dialogue.</font></span><span class="style10"><font size="2">We agree with and support the following quotes and ideas:</font></span></p>
<blockquote><p><font size="2"><span class="style10">“<i>We have, as all will agree, a free Government, where every man has a right to be equal with every other man. In this great struggle, this form of Government and every form of human right is endangered if our enemies succeed</i>.&#8221; (<b>Abraham Lincoln, August 22, 1864</b>)</span></font><font size="2"><span class="style10">&#8220;<i>Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.</i>” (<b>Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations, Article 18 , 1948 </b>)</span></font><font size="2"><span class="style10">&#8220;<i>Democracy is structured to accommodate difference, pluralism and diversity, thus promoting religious liberty. Totalitarian regimes often attempt to unify their nations around a common religion; the consequence often is religious repression and persecution of minority religions and a fundamental denial of the principle of freedom of thought and conscience. As democracy spreads, the result is likely to be less religious repression and a greater practice of religious liberty worldwide. In the final analysis, we, as members of the world community, owe it to ourselves and to our progeny to make religious liberty a reality for everyone. There is no more important task in the 21st century. All nations should improve their commitments to making religious freedom a reality; indeed religious liberty can be promoted and practiced even in nondemocratic regimes. But if democracy is one of the tools to spread religious liberty as a universally recognized human right, then let democracy ring around the world</i>.&#8221; (<span class="style24"><a target="_blank" href="http://usinfo.state.gov/dd/eng_democracy_dialogues/religion/religion_essay.html"><font color="#cc0000">Freedom of Religion Essay</font></a></span><span class="style10"><b>, US Dept of State. </b>)</span></span></font></p></blockquote>
<p align="justify"><span class="style16"><font size="2">Disclaimer:<br />
Although we will do our best, you understand that due to demand and quantities we cannot guarantee the Teddy Bear Muhammad™ sent will be exactly as shown. You further understand that it may be embroidered (as shown above) or wearing the t-shirt instead; stating &#8220;My name is Muhammad&#8221;.* Shipping &amp; Handling not included.</font></span> <span class="style10"><font size="2">** $1 (One US Dollar) of every bear sold goes to the USO (</font><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uso.org/"><font size="2" color="#cc0000">http://www.uso.org</font></a><font size="2">) to support the United States troops and their service to the world. </font></span><span class="style16"><font size="2">Teddy Bear Muhammad™ uses CCNow is an authorized online retailer. </font></span></p>
<p><font size="2"><span class="style16">Bulk Orders:<br />
Receive a 10% discount off of 5 or more. Use Coupon Code: BULK</span></font><font size="2"><span class="style16"><font size="2">Meda:<br />
For questions about Teddy Muhammad™ please call us toll-free at 1-800-405-6107 (Monday through Friday, 8am-5pm PT) or email us at </font><a href="mailto:info@teddybearmuhammad.com"><font size="2" color="#cc0000">info@teddybearmuhammad.com</font></a><font size="2">. Media Inquiries </font></span><span class="style16"><a href="mailto:media@teddybearmuhammad.com"><font size="2" color="#cc0000">Click Here</font></a><font size="2">. Latest Press Release </font><a href="http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/wp-admin/media/PR_BlasphemyBear.doc"><font size="2" color="#cc0000">Download Here</font></a><font size="2">. </font></span></font></p>
<p align="justify" class="style15"><span class="style16"><font size="2">Keywords:<br />
teddy bear mohammad, teddy bear mohammed, teddy bear muahmmad, teddy bear for sale, teddy bear sales, tolerance teddy, tolerance teddy bear </font></span></p>
<p align="justify"><a href="http://www.teddybearmuhammad.com/?_kk=khartoum&amp;_kt=0b37fa16-3560-4899-a85f-3c081dec3906">http://www.teddybearmuhammad.com/?_kk=khartoum&amp;_kt=0b37fa16-3560-4899-a85f-3c081dec3906</a></p>
<p align="justify">Categories: : entrepreneur, free market, trade, corporation, nineninetyfive, sale, discount, financial, money, capitalism, banking, capital, property rights, wages and prices, merchant, economy, supply and demand, purchase, exchange, stock market, wealth, taxes, McDonald&#8217;s, starbucks, religion, tolerance.</p>
<p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Sukran</media:title>
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		<media:content url="http://differentvoices.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/tbmuhammad.gif" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">The ‘Infamous’ Teddy Bear Muhammad</media:title>
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		<item>
		<title>The Author of this Article Must Think He Is &#8216;funny&#8217;, well, he is indeed&#8230;</title>
		<link>http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/2007/12/05/9/</link>
		<comments>http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/2007/12/05/9/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Dec 2007 22:01:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sukran</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Different Voices]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[ISLAMIC CIRCUS By Sher Khan 
Once upon a time there was an elephant and four blind men. They were not born blind and they have seen most of the things of this world but an elephant. One day they met an Elephant. The first blind man, feeling of the tusk cried, an elephant is very [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=differentvoices.wordpress.com&blog=1913052&post=9&subd=differentvoices&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><strong>ISLAMIC CIRCUS </strong></span><span style="font-family:Arial;">By <a href="http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/Author/SherKhan.htm">Sher Khan</a> </span></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Once upon a time there was an elephant and four blind men. They were not born blind and they have seen most of the things of this world but an elephant. One day they met an Elephant. The first blind man, feeling of the tusk cried, an elephant is very like a spear! The second took the trunk and immediately screamed; an elephant is just like a snake! The third touched the broad and sturdy side of the elephant. He declared an elephant looks like a wall! The fourth seized the tail and claimed an elephant is like a rope. </span></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">The parable of blind men and an elephant perfectly illustrates the method of interpreting a subject matter when people are blind and/or ignorant. Often Muslims blame other Muslims for not understanding real Islam. Each and every Muslim believes his own version of Islam and definitely their understanding is better than others. Knowledge is a powerful force that strongly influences a person. Typically religious knowledge is ancient in nature and overshadows a person’s mind to making him blindfolded. A person with Quranic knowledge tends to go back in Stone Age whereas a person with scientific knowledge foresees the future. </span></p>
<p><strong><u><span style="font-family:Arial;">REAL MUSLIMS </span></u></strong><span style="font-family:Arial;">Real Muslims conceive Islam as a way of life. They like to live a life that was practiced by the people of 7<sup>th</sup> century. Their mind is clogged with Quranic dictation and Mohammad’s lifestyle. They happily follow this primeval culture engulfed in brutal and barbaric behaviors. These fundamentalists deliberately ignore the fundamental questions about right and wrong or fairness. Muslim cleric Abu Hamza al-Masri claimed 9/11 attacks were a Jewish plot and calling the Columbia space shuttle disaster, “Punishment from Allah” because Christians, Jewish and Hindu astronauts were aboard. It’s just another fine example of how religious knowledge can make a person ignorant. </span></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">These Islamists used to be specialists in swords and spears when science was in its infancy. In modern days they plot suicide bombing and carry a few grenades like pocket change. They are the <span>Real Muslims </span>and easily recognizable. They look like Billy goats because of their beard. (Don’t blame me. Famous Iranian  scholar Ar-Razi called Mohammad in this name.) Anyway, these Mullahs wear baggy type pants and their tiny brain is covered with a cap or a turbine. This group of Muslims follows the book of Quran literally and does not hesitate to kill Kafirs. Producer and Director of horror movie “Friday the 13<sup>th</sup>” may learn a thing or two from these Islamists. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial;">They are not interested in this earthly life. They will do whatever it takes to reserve a seat in their hallucinated heaven. The suicide bombers and Imams (Muslim priest) fall in this category. They have an excellent knowledge of the Quran and Ahadith. They stay away from theological wars and confine themselves in the twilight zone of Islam. Beheading and raping Kafirs are their favorite hobbies. They are dangerous but honestly follow Islamic rules. These Mullahs do not compromise with Islamic laws. Islam prohibits eating pork, drinking wine and accepting interest from invested money. These Mullahs will blow themselves up if they have to eat pork. Forget about drinking and accepting interest. Usually a real Muslim keeps four wives and produces a few dozen of children. When Mohammad was half more than a century old, he married 9 years old child Ayesha. They don’t see anything wrong in this picture and maintain an aggressive “So What?” attitude. </span></p>
<p><strong><u>MODERN MUSLIM SCHOLARS </u></strong><span style="font-family:Arial;">Apparently our Modern Muslim scholars are trying to reform Islam and represent Islam as a peaceful religion. It’s a great news and their effort should be commended except for the hidden agenda that they nurture. All religions have gone through some type of reformation to meet the challenge of civilization. Christianity faced serious obstacle a few centuries ago. Most of the western countries have kicked out Church form the state. Now Church has no business with the government. Even in India, government has passed several laws to hinder religious dominance. One fine example is  “Sotidaho”. In this barbaric practice, A Hindu woman would sacrifice her life when she loses her husband. Also sacrificing a human body to one of those comical gods or goddesses has been banned. In comparison to these examples, no Islamic county has the courage to pass any law that would stop the brutal dictation of Quran.</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Is it possible to reform Islam? Hypothetically, Yes. Realistically, NO! Quran, the holey book of Islam is the root of all disasters. Without changing the Quran, it’s impossible to reform Islam. No Muslim will dare to edit or change those weird verses of the Quran. Even the most liberal Muslim will jump from an aircraft without using a parachute if he is asked to change the Quran. These so-called modern scholars are pretending to reform Islam but it’s only a camouflage. Actually they are the under cover agents of real Islam. They are doing a much better job than James Bond 007. Modern Muslim scholars vehemently object all inhumane teachings of the Quran. Whenever an ex-Muslim or a non-Muslim confronts them with those ugly verses, they start huffing and puffing. But they don’t dare to challenge real Islamists instead they hide their tails in between their legs and run faster than the cartoon character “Roadrunner”.</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Anything in the Quran that looks ugly is considered Out-of-Context. Their explanations are contrary to Mullahs’ reckoning. These modern scholars write tons of Qu-fi (Quranic Fiction) books to portray a peaceful Islam. They have found miracles in the number 19 and working on the number 69 to discover the impact on Mohammed’s personal life on his wives. They feel embarrassed of Ayesha-Mohammad situation and try to increase Ayesha’s age deceitfully. One may think if these modern scholars are truthful to what they preach they must have conflict with Mullahs. Should not they declare an all out “Jihad” against those Mullahs and ask them to stop misinterpreting Islamic teachings. Sadly, they don’t because they know Mullahs are absolutely right. These Muslim scholars do not hesitate to visit the same mosques that Mullahs rule and pray right behind those bigots. Had they believed what they write they would have created their own mosque and made their own Muslim community. These Modern scholars do not practice what they preach. Actually it’s a good teamwork between Fundamentalists and hypocrite scholars. These hypocrite scholars only create a smokescreen to deceive western countries and innocent moderate Muslims.</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;"><strong><u><font face="Arial">HALF-MUSLIMS</font></u></strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;" class="MsoBodyText"><font face="Arial">A group of <span>Half-Muslims</span> is the follower of Real Muslims. They pray five times a day robotically recite the Quran without understanding it. People from non-Arab countries like India , Bangladesh and Africa are this type of people. They memorize the Quran like a parrot but do not understand Arabic. However, Qu-Fi books written by hypocrite scholars inspire them to believe Islam as a scientific religion. Any deviation from this concept is either a conspiracy of the Jews or people misunderstood the meaning. Eating pork or drinking wine is strictly avoided. They do not mind accepting interest of invested money and seek forgiveness from Allah for this act.</font></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;" class="MsoBodyText"><font face="Arial">Women of this group use headscarf within the community but freely take it off when going to work. Non-Arab Muslims are often discriminated openly when staying in Arab countries. A few months back, six non-Arab Muslims were killed and burnt by a Sheikh just because they dared to enter in his garden. Ironically, these half-Muslims do not mind this type of inhumane behavior. When living in a foreign country this half-Muslims pledge to become a citizen but their heart and soul reside in the Middle East despite the fact that their root belongs to another country. They shade tears when Middle East is in trouble and wish destruction of all Kafir countries including the host country where they live in.</font></p>
<p><strong><u><span><font face="Arial">MINI-MUSLIMS </font></span></u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u><span><font face="Arial"><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></font></span></u></strong><span style="font-family:Arial;">A group of <span>Mini-Muslims</span> is desperately holding the tail of Islamic elephant and expects to get a rare seat in the heaven. Majority of Muslims is of this type. Occasionally they visit a mosque to attend the Friday prayer otherwise they are not fond of exercising five times a day. There are three common things that all groups of Muslims give credence to. First, they all respect shrewd and ruthless emperor Mohammad and his imaginary idol Allah. Secondly, they would never eat pork. Thirdly, they believe Islam is the solution of everything. Mini-Muslims have faith in these three fundamentals and they also believe all Muslims will go to heaven. Inspired by this incentive, our Mini-Muslims do not like to leave Islam. </span><span style="font-family:Arial;">This group of Muslims does not mind drinking a few beers or a shot of Whisky. They do not follow any of those Islamic laws. Never read the Quran or Ahadith. However, they create a fertile land for hoaxes that are created by hypocrite scholars. Other three groups of Muslims do not consider this group as Muslims. Especially those Real Muslims hate these types of so-called Muslims. Apparently Mini-Muslims look harmless and they really are kind people. Problem starts when they become old and become religious. Some of them change to Half-Muslim and some even downgrade themselves to Mullahs. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span><strong><u><span style="font-family:Arial;">CONCLUSION </span></u></strong></p>
<p style="text-indent:0.5in;"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Good news is majority of Muslims are either Half-Muslims or Mini-Muslims. Naturally they are not a direct threat to mankind as opposed to Real Muslims and Hypocrite Muslim scholars. Bad news is Saudi Arabia and Middle-East countries are pumping billions of petro-dollars to promote real Islam through Madrasas (Islamic School) and feeding hypocrite scholars. Hypocrite scholars create an innocent image of Islam to keep half and mini Muslims under Islamic flag. Mullahs take next step to brainwash this people and convert them to Real Muslims. Can you imagine of all Muslims of this world becoming Real Muslims? We are talking about a billion active suicide bombers! Ain’t that scary?<span>  </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial;">To give a happy ending, the activity of emerging ex-Muslims must be mentioned. This group of people is not blind or blindfolded. They see the whole elephant. In fact they see Islam as a devastating wild elephant. This movement is getting momentum everyday and a surprising snowball effect is not too far.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://www.faithfreedom.org/oped/SherKhan40531.htm">http://www.faithfreedom.org/oped/SherKhan40531.htm</a></span></p>
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			<media:title type="html">Sukran</media:title>
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		<title>Can Islam be reformed, or does Islam need to be reformed?</title>
		<link>http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/2007/12/05/can-islam-be-reformed-or-does-islam-need-to-be-reformed/</link>
		<comments>http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/2007/12/05/can-islam-be-reformed-or-does-islam-need-to-be-reformed/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Dec 2007 21:24:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sukran</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Different Voices]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Pope believes Islam
incapable of reform?
Priest reports pontiff&#8217;s thoughts
from private gathering

Posted: January 24, 2006

© 2006 WorldNetDaily.com 

Pope Benedict XVI believes that unlike other religions, Islam cannot be reformed and, therefore, is incompatible with democracy, according to a Catholic leader who participated with the pontiff in a secretive meeting on the subject.
Fr. Joseph Fessio, provost of Ave Maria University in [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=differentvoices.wordpress.com&blog=1913052&post=8&subd=differentvoices&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><font size="5">Pope believes Islam<br />
incapable of reform?<br />
<!-- end head --><!-- deck --></font><font size="+1" color="#000000" face="Palatino, Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif">Priest reports pontiff&#8217;s thoughts<br />
from private gathering</font><br />
<!-- end deck --><br />
<hr SIZE="1" /><font size="-1">Posted: January 24, 2006</p>
<p></font><font face="Palatino, Book Antiqua, Times New Roman, Georgia, Times"><font face="Palatino, Times New Roman, Georgia, Times, serif"><!-- byline --><br />
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<p>Pope Benedict XVI believes that unlike other religions, Islam cannot be reformed and, therefore, is incompatible with democracy, according to a Catholic leader who participated with the pontiff in a secretive meeting on the subject.</p>
<p>Fr. Joseph Fessio, provost of Ave Maria University in Naples, Fla., and founder of the publishing house Ignatius Press, spoke with talk-radio host <a href="http://www.hughhewitt.com/">Hugh Hewitt</a> Jan. 5 about the gathering with the pope&#8217;s former <a target="_top" href="http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=48464#" id="KonaLink1" class="kLink"><font color="#0000ff"><span style="font-weight:400;font-size:17px;color:blue !important;font-family:'Times New Roman', Georgia, Serif;position:relative;" class="kLink">theology</span></font></a> students, which took place last September at Castelgondolfo in Italy, the papal summer residence.</p>
<p>The pope, according to Fessio, believes Islam cannot become compatible with democracy because a radical reinterpretation of the religion would be required, which is &#8220;impossible, because it&#8217;s against the very nature of the Quran, as it&#8217;s understood by Muslims.&#8221;</p>
<p>In July, when asked by reporters, <a href="http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=45449">Benedict refused to declare Islam &#8220;a religion of peace&#8221;</a>, a phrase often invoked by President Bush.</p>
<p>&#8220;I would not like to use big words to apply generic labels,&#8221; the pope replied at the time. &#8220;It certainly contains elements that can favor peace, it also has other elements: We must always seek the best elements.&#8221;</p>
<p>Fessio said that at the Castelgondolfo meeting, Benedict was replying to Fr. Christian Troll, an expert on Islam in Europe, who asserted that Islam can enter into the modern world if the Quran is reinterpreted. This can be done, the priest said, by going back to Islam&#8217;s original principles and &#8220;then adapting it to our times, especially with the dignity that we ascribe to women, which has come through Christianity, of course.&#8221;</p>
<p>Describing Benedict&#8217;s response, Fessio said: &#8220;And immediately, the Holy Father, in his beautiful calm but clear way, said well, there&#8217;s a fundamental problem with that, because, he said, in the Islamic tradition God has given his word to Muhammad, but it&#8217;s an eternal word. It&#8217;s not Muhammad&#8217;s word.&#8221;</p>
<p>In contrast, the pope said, according to Fessio, there&#8217;s &#8220;an inner logic to the Christian Bible, which permits it and requires it to be adapted and applied to new situations.&#8221;</p>
<p>Another priest in attendance at the meeting – Jesuit scholar of Islamic studies Samir Khalil Samir – contended the pope was less pessimistic about Islam, reported the Italian Catholic website <a href="http://www.chiesa.espressonline.it/">www.chiesa</a>.</p>
<p>Samir said the pope sees a meeting between Islam and democracy as possible, but &#8220;on the condition of a radical reinterpretation of the Quran and of the very conception of divine revelation.&#8221;</p>
<p>The author of the www.chiesa article, Sandro Magister, noted the discussion is not merely theoretical, but &#8220;has significant geopolitical repercussions.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;America&#8217;s overall strategy in Iraq and the greater Middle East is founded precisely upon the possibility of democracy&#8217;s birth and growth in those Muslim regions,&#8221; Magister said.</p>
<p>&#8220;It also involves the future of Muslim immigrants in Europe. An Islam reconciled with democracy would allow their integration. An Islam incapable of distinguishing between God and Caesar would trap them in a state of &#8220;alienation.&#8221;</p>
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<p><a href="http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=46618">Pope Benedict whacks &#8216;hypocritical&#8217; secularists</a></p>
<p><a href="http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=46409">Pope bans homosexuals from ordination as priests</a></p>
<p><a href="http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=45449">Pope won&#8217;t call Islam religion of peace</a></p>
<p><a href="http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=45449">Pope won&#8217;t call Islam religion of peace</a></p>
<p><a href="http://differentvoices.wordpress.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=43887">Pope choice fulfills ancient prophecy?</a></p>
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		<title>Rehearing Qur&#8217;an</title>
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Re-hearing Quran in Open Translation: Ta’wil, Postmodern Inquiry and a Hermeneutics of Indeterminacy

Neil Douglas-Klotz

Abstract:
This paper uses hermeneutical and comparative methods to explore the similarities among an esoteric Quranic interpretative tradition, modern attempts to render the Quran in open poetic forms, and post-modern inquiry strategies. Classical Ismaili and Sufi scholars posited an “inner” hermeneutic called ta)wi!l, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=differentvoices.wordpress.com&blog=1913052&post=7&subd=differentvoices&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><strong></strong><strong><font size="4" face="Palatino-Bold"></p>
<p align="left">Re-hearing Quran in Open Translation: Ta’wil, Postmodern Inquiry and a Hermeneutics of Indeterminacy</p>
<p></font><font face="Palatino-Bold"></p>
<p align="left">Neil Douglas-Klotz</p>
<p></font></strong><strong></strong><strong><font face="Palatino-Bold"></p>
<p align="left">Abstract:</p>
<p></font></strong><font face="Palatino-Roman">This paper uses hermeneutical and comparative methods to explore the similarities among an esoteric Quranic interpretative tradition, modern attempts to render the Quran in open poetic forms, and post-modern inquiry strategies. Classical Ismaili and Sufi scholars posited an “inner” hermeneutic called </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">,</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> which allowed for multi-valent, non-literal interpretations of the Quranic text (Schimmel 1994, Daftary 1999). Parallels to both </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">and recent attempts to render</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> the Quran through Western poetic forms can be found in the postmodern “new paradigm” social science research models of Torbert, Reason and Rowan (1981). The dialogue between ancient hermeneutics and postmodern inquiry suggests the development of a poetic “hermeneutic of indeterminacy” when dealing with Quranic texts in Western language translation. Such a hermeneutic would explore the boundaries of text, receptor-hearer, and the inter-subjective phenomenology of interpretation in order to see and hear Islam with Western eyes and ears in a more complex way.</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">This paper uses hermeneutical and comparative methods to explore the similarities among an esoteric Quranic interpretative tradition, modern attempts to render the Quran in open poetic forms, and post-modern inquiry strategies. It suggests the possible development of a poetic “hermeneutic of indeterminacy” when dealing with Quranic texts and traditions in Western language translation. Such a hermeneutic would explore the boundaries of text, receptor-hearer, and the intersubjective phenomenology of interpretation in order to hear Islam with Western ears in a more complex way.</p>
<p align="left">Classical Ismaili and Sufi scholars posited an “inner” hermeneutic of the Quran called <em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">(literally, “bringing back to the root”), which allowed for multi-</font><font face="Palatino-Roman">valent, non-literal, phenomenologically-based interpretations of the Arabic text, adapted to express the needs of particular historical communities as well as the expressions of particular mystics. </font></p>
<p></font><font face="Palatino-Roman">The first mention of an “inner meaning” occurs in Quranic Sura 18 (78,82), in the story of the Prophet Musa (Moses) and Khidr. Khidr having temporarily accepted Moses as his traveling companion, performs three strange acts. When Moses questions him about these, a behaviour that Khidr had previously forbidden, Khidr gives him the </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">or inner  explanation of his actions.</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> </font><font face="Palatino-Roman">In the historical development of Quranic exegesis, scholars distinguished between </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">and </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">tafsi4r</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">, the outer explanation of a passage. </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">Ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">was primarily</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> practiced in Shia and Sufi circles. As always in this area, it is virtually impossible to distinguish the origins of a practice that embraces both Ismaili Shia and Sufi Sunni traditions (for instance, see Daftary 1999, on the way in which Ismaili practices were often hidden under a Sunni Sufi exterior).</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">Islamic scholar Annemarie Schimmel (1992) comments on the profundity of Quranic interpretation attempted by Islamic mystics and served by the Arabic language itself:</p>
<p align="left">[T]he mystics of Islam … knew that a deeper meaning lies behind the words of the text and that one has to penetrate to the true core. It may be an exaggeration that an early mystic supposedly knew 7,000 interpretations for each verse of the Koran, but the search for the never-ending meanings of the Koran has continued through the ages. The Arabic language has been very helpful in this respect with its almost infinite possibilities of developing the roots of words and forming cross-relations between expressions (p. 48).</p>
<p>The basis for <em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">lies in the qualities of the Semitic languages that lead to</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> ambiguity in the meaning of a particular text. Both Jewish and Islamic traditions of mystical hermeneutic point to the importance of individual letters and letter combinations. The Semitic languages depend upon a root-and-pattern system that allows a text to be rendered literally in several different ways. In Islamic mysticism, </font><font face="Palatino-Roman">this interpretive approach begins with a study of the letters of the alphabet themselves, which come to symbolize cosmic or universal patterns of energy.</font></p>
<p><font face="Palatino-Roman">For instance, the sixth Shia imam, </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">Ja8far as[ Sa\diq </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">(d. 765) writes in his Quranic</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> commentary: In the first place a thought surged in God, an intention, a will. The object of this thought, this intention, and this will were the letters from which God made the principal of all things, the indices of everything perceptible, the criteria of everything difficult. It is from these letters that everything is known (translated by and quoted in Schimmel, 1994, p. 151).One tenet of early Ismaili </font></p>
<p></font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">was that the written Quran was but a</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> reflection of the “Quran of creation,” which itself contained the source of all symbols of the sacred. The Quran itself supports this interpretation by mentioning the“Mother of the Book” (</font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ummi!l ki!tabi!</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">, Sura 43:4) and the “Well-preserved Tablet (</font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">lauh9</font></em><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">mah9fu4z</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">, Sura 85:22), which remain with Allah in pre-existence.</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> In the relation to this interpretation, modern Islamic scholar Seyyed Hossain Nasr (1968) relates the practice of </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">to Islam’s unified cosmology of humanity,</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> nature and the divine:</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">In Islam the inseparable link between man and nature, and also between the sciences of nature and religion, is to be found in the Quran itself, the Divine Book which is the Logos or the Word of God…It is both the recorded Quran (al- Qur’an al-tadwini) and the “Quran of creation” (al-Qur’an al takwini) which contains the “ideas” or archetypes of all things. That is why the term used to signify the verses of the Quran or ayah also means events occurring within the souls of men and phenomena in the world of nature (1968, p. 95).</p>
<p>An important dimension of </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">is the confluence of spiritual experience and</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> interpretation. As French Islamist Henry Corbin points out (1986), the word <em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em></font><font face="Palatino-Roman">itself indicates “an exegesis which is at the same time an exodus, a going out of the soul toward the Soul.”In Islam, </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">, “the exegetic leading back to the source,” answers to</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> that law of interiorization, that experiential actualization of symbolic</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> correspondences, which, being an innate and fundamental impulse of the religious Psyche, leads the Spirituals of all communities to the same goal (p.134). The same dense texture of sound and multi-valent letter roots, branching into multiple layers of meaning, also helps to support the notion of the inimitability of the Quran (its </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">i(ja3z </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">), which according to Muslims is proof of its divine character as</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> well as Muhammad’s prophethood. On this basis, no literal translation into any other language is actually possible. As Schimmel points out (1994), this led to the problem of how to transmit the contents of the Quran in lands where Arabic was not the native language:</font><font face="Palatino-Roman">It is the inadequacy of translations that has caused and still causes so many misunderstandings about the Koran and its message, especially when sentences are taken out of context and set absolute; for according to the Muslims’ understanding, not only the words and </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ayath </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">but also the entire</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> fabric of the Koran, the interweaving of words, sound and meaning, are part and parcel of the Koran (p. 165).</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">Similarly, in prefacing his recent translations of the Quran, Michael Sells (1999) points out that considering the text in an oral, non-linear, communal context presents a key to its understanding:</p>
<p align="left">For Muslims, the Qur’an is first experienced in Arabic, even by those who are not native speakers of Arabic. In Qur’an schools, children memorize verses, then entire Suras. They begin with the Suras that are at the end of the Qur’an in its written form. These first revelations to Muhammad express vital extistential themes in a language of great lyricism and beauty. As the students learn these Suras, they are not simply learning something by rote, but rather interiorizing the inner rhythms, sound patterns, and textual dynamics—taking it to heart in the deepest manner….</p>
<p align="left">The Qur’anic experience is not the experience of reading a written text from beginning to end. Rather, the themes, stories, hymns and laws of the Qur’an are woven through the life of the individual, the key moments of the community , and the sensual world of the town and village (pp.11, 12).</p>
<p>In order to convey some of this context, Sells includes in his work multiple renderings of certain passages as well as a CD of traditional Quranic recitation. </font><font face="Palatino-Roman">Using methods that emulate the context that creates </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">, a number of other</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> recent authors have also attempted multiple, multi-valent translations of Quranic text into Western languages in order to communicate the dense intra-textuality of the original and to better communicate Quranic poetic language and concepts to nonscholarly Western audiences. These attempts have included “open” translations, using multiple “literal” and “non-literal” poetic language (Douglas-Klotz, 1995;Hixon, 1988).</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">For instance, the late Sufi author Lex Hixon created free renderings of important Quranic passages with the aim of communicating some of the phenomenological dimension of the text for practicing Muslims (1988):</p>
<p align="left">My attempt in these meditations is to dramatize what, from my own experience in the world of Islam, the sensitive Muslim person actually feels when reading the Holy Koran or listening raptly, sometimes without clear verbal comprehension, to the melodious chanting of the classical Arabic (p.50).</p>
<p>Like other Sufis or Ismailis who practiced <em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">, Hixon rejected the distinction</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> of “literal” versus “figurative” meanings of the text when considering the way in which the Quran is actually experienced by a Muslim:</font></p>
<p></font><font face="Palatino-Roman">[M]y meditations stay very close to the basic level of meaning in the Holy Koran. For this fundamental stratum of significance I would not use the phrase “literal meaning,” because this suggests some sort of merely literal meaning, which  an be dismissed as relatively unimportant in relation to the high mystical quest…. What I would call the “basic meaning” of the verses is profoundly important. It forms the basis of Muslim practice and experiential belief, without which the various higher levels of mystical meaning would be nullified (p. 50, 51).</font><font face="Palatino-Roman">Parallels to both the esoteric tradition of Quranic interpretation as well as its recent rendering through open Western   poetic forms can be found in the postmodern “new paradigm” social science research models of Torbert, Reason and Rowan (1981). These research models emphasize 1) a community process, 2) an open r</font><font face="Palatino-Roman">ather than closed field of research, 3) the development of an “inter-penetrating” attention and 4) a spiral rather than a closed circle of hermeneutical inquiry.</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">This school of research has questioned the view that interpretation, because it cannot be completely “objective,” must necessarily be completely “subjective.” Peter Reason and John Rowan (1981) in an essay “On Making Sense,” pose the following question:</p>
<p align="left">“If we cannot transcend our historical position, and get rid of our prejudgments, the basic problem for our understanding is how to distinguish between “legitimate” prejudgments and those which get in the way of our understanding (p. 133).”</p>
<p align="left">Using the example of feminist approaches to history, they conclude that, while past experience cannot be transcended in making an interpretation, one can, by revealing this past experience as much as possible, open up an “intersubjective” interpretation:</p>
<p align="left">“Once this historicity of human experience is realized, it is clear that we must distinguish between some notion of an “objective” understanding or interpretation which is unattainable and meaningless, and reach for an interpretation which is “intersubjectively” valid for all the people who share the same world at a given time in history (p. 133).”</p>
<p align="left">Similarly, in proposing a model of collaborative research, William Torbert (1981a) challenges the notion of “controlled” research and criticizes much modern educational research as uneducational:</p>
<p align="left">“Both in research and in organizational practice the effort at unilateral control presumes that the initial actor (whether researcher or practitioner) knows what is significant at the outset and that this knowledge is to be put to the service of controlling the situation outside the actor, in order to implement the pre-defined design as efficiently as possible (p. 142).”</p>
<p>In such controlled research, if participants begin to question assumptions, examine methods or motivations, compare varying kinds of perceptual attention or otherwise depart from the researcher’s plan, the research project is labeled “out of </font><font face="Palatino-Roman">control.” Torbert suggests that such “controlled” educational research is not only “anti-educational” in that it fails to discover anything new, but also anti-social in that it fails to prepare teachers or students for the world as it is:</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">“[I]n a world where different cultures must learn to live together as one planet, at a time when different cultural groups are increasingly refusing to subordinate their values, and at a time when change is occurring so fast that each new generation of school children and college students (i.e., every four years or so) represents virtually a new culture, the model of unilateral control simply doesn’t work. Literacy decreases and violence increases (p. 142-143).”</p>
<p align="left">As an alternative, Torbert suggests a model of “action research” in which both the researcher and participants collaborate in an open system of “experiments-inpractice” that are not rigidly controlled but, in fact, encourage the unexpected. In this respect, the setting of action research seeks to duplicate the conditions under which the research will eventually be applied–life itself:</p>
<p align="left">“All social actors, whether individuals or organizations, whether called “students,” “teachers,” “researchers,” “administrators,” “schools,” or “businesses,” engage in continuous, more-or-less flawed inquiry-in-action aimed at functioning increasingly effectively (p. 145).”</p>
<p align="left">In a number of elements, these new paradigm research models parallel the hermeneutics of <em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">. The research of so-called unilateral control in the discourse of</font><font face="Palatino-Roman">  these researchers corresponds to the strictures of a priori religious (or academic) principles on the </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">interpretation or open rendering of a Quranic passage,</font><font face="Palatino-Roman">  including the experience of hearing it. In order to obtain one “right” or “objective” answer, suitable to all occasions, variables must be controlled and limited (for instance, certain academic study requires a “literal” rendering of a passage, but which one?). In both the new paradigm and </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">hermeneutics, the researcher or</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> spiritual community becomes the central focus for inquiry and experience. The extent of control on the expression of </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">in a given community corresponds to the</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> degree of control imposed upon the inquiry and on the range of what constitutes validity (that is, the “usefulness” of the interpretation).</font></p>
<p></font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">Besides encouraging an atmosphere of collaboration among participants, the action-researcher must, according to Torbert, develop an “interpenetrating attention” capable of “apprehending simultaneously its own dynamics and the ongoing theorizing, sensing and external eventualizing.” That is, this attention must bridge subjectivity and objectivity, neither discounting the researcher’s own actions, feelings, thoughts and sensations nor allowing them to acquire so much importance that the rest of the system is lost to sight.</p>
<p align="left">Torbert (1981b) suggests further that “the prospective action scientist might well seek training in somatic movement forms such as tai chi, judo or the Gurdjieffian movements, all of which cultivate direct, moment-to-moment sensual awareness” (p. 443).</p>
<p align="left">Reason and Rowan (1981) propose that all qualitative researchers in the social sciences and education undergo a process of “cleansing the instrument,” which amounts to an ongoing commitment to self-transformation and therapy.</p>
<p align="left">“As soon as we begin to open up our own subjectivity, and to get in touch with what is there, we usually discover more than we had bargained for. We discover all kinds of unfinished business, and attaining the clarity seems to mean finishing the business….</p>
<p align="left">This is usually done through some process of therapy, counseling, personal growth work or general self-discovery, whereby these patterns are questioned in a way that they can change. The self-image gets taken apart, and the rich realm of subjectivity which was pushed down as being too dangerous and too weak is now opened up and entered into and allowed to exist and be used and  ransformed. There is a feeling which then comes in, of being real instead of unreal (p. 124).”</p>
<p>Looking again at its parallels with </font><em><font size="4" face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">and an open approach to translating</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> the Quran, Torbert’s “interpenetrating attention” corresponds to a contemplative awareness of word, meaning and symbol, influenced by both personal and community experience. Various Islamic mystics over the ages, in both Sunni and Shi’ite circles, developed practices that intended to cultivate such an “interpenetrating attention,” using breathing, body awareness and chanting. They </font><font face="Palatino-Roman">understood these practices within Islam’s doctrine of unity </font><font size="2" face="Palatino-Roman">(</font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">tawhid</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">), which states that</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> there is ultimately only one reality, and found justification for them in a famous extra-canonical saying of Allah conveyed by the Prophet Muhammad (one of the socalled</font><em><font face="Palatino-Italic">hadith qudsi</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">):</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">“My servant draws near to me through nothing I love more than the religious duty I require of him. And my servant continues to draw near to me by superogatory worship until I love him.</p>
<p align="left">When I love him, I become the ear by which he hears, the eye by which he sees, the hand by which he grasps, and the foot by which he walks. If he asks me for something, I give it to him; if he seeks protection, I provide it to him (translated in Ernst 1997, p. 51).”</p>
<p>Finally, new paradigm research also proposes the concept of “research cycles” proposed by Rowan (1981, p. 97ff), which suggests further parallels with </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">. In articulating the value of a “dialectical paradigm” for research, Rowan</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> recommends that new paradigm researchers begin to see their work as a spiral rather than a line or a closed circle. The six moments in the research cycle he proposes are: Being, Thinking, Project, Encounter, Making Sense and Communication. Rowan proposes that an inquiry could actually begin anywhere on this cycle and that at most stages, one can also be in contact with others in a collaborative or action inquiry.</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> The stages of the research cycle or spiral, as Rowan outlines it, compare favorably to the process of multi-leveled translation of sacred Quranic texts pursued orally in mystical circles using <em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l</font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">. Being corresponds to training in meditative</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> awareness derived from the spiritual practices of the tradition. Thinking corresponds to the grammatical or  language training necessary to approach a text. Project corresponds to the choice of text and the rendering of its Arabic roots in a thorough way. Encounter involves a confrontation with the text itself as a whole, by oneself and in relation to one’s historical community of inquiry. Making Sense arises out of </font><font face="Palatino-Roman">these multiple relationships. Communication involves translation of a text that opens meaning for another cycle of inquiry, beginning with the practice of Being.</font></font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></font><font face="Palatino-Roman"><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">The multiple renderings or interpretations of a particular Quranic text spiral around its essential meaning, which can never be translated. However, the net of meaning that these multiple translations create places the reader or hearer within a symbolic universe that calls for his/her own experience to fix a final meaning for <em><font face="Palatino-Italic">this </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">moment, in relation to a particular community of inquiry. The indeterminacy of the interpretation can then be seen as a strength rather than a weakness, akin to the usefulness of the principle of indeterminacy in quantum physics. </font></p>
<p></font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font face="Palatino-Roman">The theories of the new paradigm social science researchers emphasize an open, collaborative process that includes the “subjects” as active participants in the research. Rather than hide the questions involved in the inquiry, participants are engaged in the questions, and the oral process that results becomes part of the “research instrument.” Parallels to this idea, and the hermeneutics of indeterminacy suggested here, may be found in several recent studies on orality and sacred texts. </font></p>
<p><font face="Palatino-Roman">In an insightful study of the place of oral and written texts in classical religions, East and West, religious studies researcher Harold Coward (1988) reviewed text traditions in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism. In all of them, he suggests, the spiritual or religious experience of the word was traditionally located in an oral rather than written relationship to it.</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">Previous generations, in all the traditions, learned scripture by heart, notes Coward. The progressive dominance of the printed word in religious circles has paradoxically led to its diminishment as a source of inspiration.</p>
<p align="left">“[F]or most moderns, scripture has ceased to be the guiding companion of life that resides in one’s deepest layers of consciousness, influencing one even when one is not aware of its presence. Instead, scripture has become a literary object to be studied and analyzed along with the other literary texts that we possess (p. 177).”</p>
<p></font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">Coward maintains that sacred words must shift again from the visual sense of an external object to the oral-aural sense of subjective, living word. Simiarly, Jacques Elul (1985) suggests that modern experience biases us toward printed words as signs representing fixed facts. The oral word, on the other hand. emphasizes a symbolic value that may transcend rationality and overflow into emotion, ambiguity and paradox (pp. 1-4).</p>
<p>Related to this theme, a number of biblical scholars have begun to focus on the entire context of scriptural experience, not simply the “source-message” but also the “text-receptor “ or “hearer-response” (Lategan and Vorster, 1985). Along these lines, Coward proposes that approaching scriptural communication from the reader response side makes clear the function of scripture as symbol rather than sign. The resulting hermeneutics proposed has clear links to the practice of </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">in relation to</font><font face="Palatino-Roman">  the Quran.</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">“Rather than there being one correct meaning for a text, the hearing or reading of a Vedic poem or New Testament parable may convey many different meanings or insights depending on the listener, the time and the place. Instead of a hermeneutics of reduction, based on the assumption that the text has only one correct meaning, the oral experience of scripture paves the way for a hermeneutics of unfolding [Entfaltung], an opening up of the richness of the word in terms of its symbolic potentialities (p. 182).”</p>
<p>The clear differences between </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">hermeneutics and new paradigm models</font><font face="Palatino-Roman">lie, of course, in the tendency of communities engaging in </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">to valorize</font><font face="Palatino-Roman">  particular notions about the essential nature of the divine and its purposes in human affairs. However, valorizing tendencies can as equally be found in the value placed by postmodern researchers on certain foundational epistemological principles of their own discourse, for instance, various definitions of validity.</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">Nonetheless, a meeting place between the language and philosophic concerns</p>
<p>of both </font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">and postmodern inquiry can be established in a number of areas,</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">which suggest the notion of what this author has called a “hermeneutics of indeterminacy”(see also Douglas-Klotz, 1999). In his experience, such a hermeneutic <font face="Palatino-Roman">proves useful in considering particular Quranic passages in translation and in opening up the conclusions that may be drawn from them. This hermeneutic has also proven useful in teaching Western students about the Quran and Islam.Rudimentary principles of this hermeneutic, generated from a </font></p>
<p></font><em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">-</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> postmodern dialogue, include the following:</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">(1) Structure and Openness. There can be no one definitive translation or interpretation for all times, but several “open,” poetic translations can create an intersubjective bridge between the unique cultural, linguistic experience of a text and the experience of the interpretive community rooted in a different language.</p>
<p align="left">(2) Multi-leveled, Evolutionary. Each translation or interpretation can create a tapestry or net of possible meaning that can be meditated upon and interpreted according to the life experience of the person and community confronting it. The “meaning,” while rooted in the same text and participating in a phenomenological reality connected to the historical religious experience of the community, reveals itself according to the needs of an emergent, evolutionary reality.</p>
<p align="left">(3) Oral and Organismic. In engaging in a community of inquiry, the written text leads the receptor toward the oral, both in its expanded translation style and in the encouragement to use methods such as guided listening, story-telling, chant and body prayer to experience the phenomenological and even somatic dimensions of a particular text.</p>
<p>(4) Ecological and Relational. The limitation of translation of sacred texts to one so-called literal translation can inhibit diversity and understanding in a learning context. In the context of a community that adheres to the notion of a unitive cosmology, the “text” behind the sacred written text can be recognized as the manuscript of nature as it is experienced in a </font><font face="Palatino-Roman">particular cultural, social, political and ecological con-text. This is the system in which all study, interpretation and practice takes place.</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">20 years ago, the author experienced all of these elements in a community of inquiry focused on the Quran for non-Muslims by a septugenarian teacher from Pakistan. The following example of a “hermeneutic of indeterminacy” (Douglas- Klotz, 1995, pp.90-91) arose from his experience of a <em><font face="SPAtlantisItalic">ta)wi!l </font></em><font face="Palatino-Roman">of the Arabic of the first</font><font face="Palatino-Roman"> Sura of the Quran, Sura Fateha, and subsequent study of the rest of the Quran. All of the renderings below are “literal” (based in the possible meanings of each word or root) but none definitive until the reader adds her or his own relationship to the text to the process. Such a meditative rendering fulfills the root meaning of “translation”–carrying meaning across a linguistic and cultural bridge. At the same time, it tries to avoid becoming an object in itself in favor of evoking a response that engages the inquirer in a search for meaning. In the context of a learning community discussion, this search could be aided by contemplations and meditations that lead one back to two constants in the human experience: the awareness of the body and the awareness of nature. From a cultivated landscape of “word-for-word” translation, the wilder aspects of the text’s ecosystem then begin to re-appear.</font></p>
<p></font><strong></strong><strong><font face="Palatino-Bold"></p>
<p align="left">The Opening</p>
<p align="left"><font face="Palatino-Roman">(Meditation on Sura Fateha, Al Quran 1 from the Arabic)</font></p>
<p></font></strong><strong></strong><strong><font face="Palatino-Bold"></p>
<p align="left">Bismillahir rahmanir rahim <font face="Palatino-Roman">Upon hearing the Irresistible Voice of Love’s Wellspring and Goal, we are led to affirm that</font></p>
<p></font></strong><strong></strong><strong><font face="Palatino-Bold"></p>
<p align="left">Alhamdulillahi rabbi-l‘alamin arrahman irrahim <font face="Palatino-Roman">Whatever the Universe does, small or large, through any being or communion of beings, which helps further its purpose, this act celebrates the Source of our unfolding story. The essence of all praiseworthy qualities constantly returns to the One Being </font><font face="Palatino-Roman">Give praise and celebrate! This Being of beings mysteriously nurtures and sustains, grows and brings to maturity all worlds, universes and pluriverses, all aspects of consciousness and knowledge, all storylines and lesson plans. This Source is the Original Womb of Love in all its aspects.</font></p>
<p></font></strong><strong></strong><strong><font face="Palatino-Bold"></p>
<p align="left">maliki yaumadin <font face="Palatino-Roman">It says ‘I can’ on the day when all elements part company and return home, when the threads of interweaving destiny unravel and the invoices come due. This Universe Being accepts the mission to resolve the unresolvable at the time when time ends just as it said ‘yes’ to the birth movements that began it.</font></p>
<p></font></strong><strong></strong><strong><font face="Palatino-Bold"></p>
<p align="left">Iyyaka n‘abudu wa iyyaka nasta‘ain <font face="Palatino-Roman">Cutting through all distractions, addictions and diversions, all conflicting taboos, theologies, offenses and misunderstandings, we will act only from this Universe Purpose, we will develop abilities only in service to the Real, we will bow to and venerate only the deepest Source of all Life and we will only expect help from this direction, the ration of what we need, freely given by the One.</font></p>
<p></font></strong><strong></strong><strong><font face="Palatino-Bold"></p>
<p align="left">Ihdina sirat almustaqim <font face="Palatino-Roman">We ask you to reveal our next harmonious step. Show us the path that says, “stand up, get going, do it!” that resurrects us from the the slumber of the drugged and leads to the consummation of Heart’s desire, like all the stars and galaxies in tune, in time, straight on.</font></p>
<p></font></strong></p>
<p align="left"><strong><font face="Palatino-Bold">sirat alladhina an‘amta ‘alayhim ghayril maghdubi ‘alayhim wa laddalin. </font></strong><font face="Palatino-Roman">The orbit of every being in the universe is filled with delight. When each travels consciously, a sigh of wonder arises at the expanse, the abundance. This is not the path of frustration, anger or annoyance, which only happens when we temporarilylose the way and become drained, roaming too far from the Wellspring of Love.</font></p>
<p><strong></strong><strong><font face="Palatino-Bold"></p>
<p align="left">Amin. <font face="Palatino-Roman">May this become the ground of our reality.</font></p>
<p></font></strong></p>
<p align="left"><strong><font size="4" face="Palatino-Bold">References</font></strong></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Palatino-Roman">Corbin, Henry. (1986). Temple and Contemplation. London: Islamic Publications.</font><font size="2" face="Palatino-Roman"></p>
<p align="left">Coward, Harold. (1988). Sacred Word and Sacred Text: Scripture in World Religions. Maryknoll, NY:</p>
<p align="left">Orbis Books.</p>
<p align="left">Douglas-Klotz, Neil. (1995). Desert Wisdom: The Middle Eastern Tradition from the Goddess through</p>
<p align="left">the Sufis. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.</p>
<p align="left">————. (1999). Midrash and postmodern inquiry: suggestions toward a hermeneutics of</p>
<p align="left">indeterminacy. Currents in Biblical Studies 7, 181-193.</p>
<p align="left">Elul, Jacques. (1985). The Humiliation of the Word. Joyce Main Hanks, trans. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm.</p>
<p align="left">B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.</p>
<p align="left">Ernst, Carl W. (1997). The Shambhalla Guide to Sufism. Shambhala: Boston and London.</p>
<p align="left">Hixon, Lex. (1988). Heart of the Koran. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books.</p>
<p align="left">Lategan, Bernard and Willem Vorster. (1985). Text and Reality: Aspects of Reference in Biblical Texts.</p>
<p align="left">Atlanta: Scholars Press.</p>
<p align="left">Nasr, Seyyed Hossain. (1968). Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis in Modern Man. London: Unwin.</p>
<p align="left">Rowan, John. (1981). A Dialectical Paradigm for Research. In P. Reason and J. Rowan, (Eds.), Human</p>
<p align="left">Inquiry: A Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research (pp. 93-112). Chicester: John Wiley &amp; Sons.</p>
<p align="left">Rowan, John and P. Reason. (1981). On Making Sense. In P. Reason and J. Rowan, (Eds.), Human</p>
<p align="left">Inquiry: A Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research (pp. 113-137). Chicester: John Wiley &amp;</p>
<p align="left">Sons.</p>
<p align="left">Schimmel, Annemarie. (1992). Islam: An Introduction. Albany: State University of New York Press.</p>
<p align="left">Schimmel, Annemarie . (1994). Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to</p>
<p align="left">Islam. Albany: State University of Islam Press.</p>
<p align="left">Sells, Michael. (1999). Approaching the Quran: The Early Revelations. Ashland, OR: White Cloud</p>
<p align="left">Press.</p>
<p align="left">Torbert, William R. (1981a). Why Educational Research Has Been So Uneducational: The Case for a</p>
<p align="left">New Model of Social Science Based on Collaborative Inquiry. In P. Reason and J. Rowan,</p>
<p align="left">(Eds.), Human Inquiry: A Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research (pp. 141-151). Chicester:</p>
<p align="left">John Wiley &amp; Sons.</p>
<p align="left">Torbert, William R. (1981b). Empirical, Behavioural, Theoretical and Attentional Skills Necessary for</p>
<p align="left">Collaborative Inquiry. In P. Reason and J. Rowan, (Eds.), Human Inquiry: A Sourcebook of</p>
<p align="left">New Paradigm Research (pp. 437-446). Chicester: John Wiley &amp; Sons.</p>
<p align="left">Copyright Neil Douglas-Klotz 2002</p>
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		<title>Apostasy and Islam</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Oct 2007 07:23:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Stefan</dc:creator>
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&#160;
&#8221; &#8230; Let there be no compulsion in religion: Truth stands out clear from Error &#8230;&#8221; [2:256]


This is Islam&#8217;s unambiguous affirmation of freedom of faith, which also applies to changing of faith. The Qur&#8217;an illuminates before the humanity the two highways [90:10], one of which leads to salvation. Islam is an invitation to the highway [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=differentvoices.wordpress.com&blog=1913052&post=5&subd=differentvoices&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
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<h1 class="title"></h1>
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<p align="center">&nbsp;</p>
<p align="center"><span>&#8221; &#8230; Let there be no compulsion in religion: Truth stands out clear from Error &#8230;&#8221; [2:256]</span><br />
<span></span></p>
<p class="description"><span><br />
This is Islam&#8217;s unambiguous affirmation of freedom of faith, which also applies to changing of faith. The Qur&#8217;an illuminates before the humanity the two highways [90:10], one of which leads to salvation. Islam is an invitation to the highway toward salvation, but it is based on FREEDOM OF CHOICE.</span></p>
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		<title>Muslims Against Sharia</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Oct 2007 07:15:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Stefan</dc:creator>
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OUR GOALS

to educate Muslims about dangers presented by Islamic religious texts and why Islam must be reformed
to educate non-Muslims about the differences between moderate Muslims and Islamists (a.k.a. Islamic Religious Fanatics,  		  Radical Muslims, Muslim Fundamentalists, Islamic Extremists or Islamofascists)
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<h1>OUR GOALS</h1>
<ul>
<li>to educate Muslims about dangers presented by Islamic religious texts and why Islam must be reformed</li>
<li>to educate non-Muslims about the differences between moderate Muslims and Islamists (a.k.a. Islamic Religious Fanatics,  		  Radical Muslims, Muslim Fundamentalists, Islamic Extremists or Islamofascists)</li>
<li>to educate both Muslims and non-Muslims alike that Moderate Muslims are also targets of Islamic Terror</li>
</ul>
<h1>OUR MANIFESTO</h1>
<p> <strong>Acknowledging mistakes</strong><br />
The majority of the terrorist acts of the last three decades, including the 9/11 attacks, were perpetrated by Islamic fundamentalists in the name of Islam. We, as Muslims, find it abhorrent that Islam is used to murder millions of innocent people, Muslims and non-Muslims alike.</p>
<p><strong>Inconsistencies in the Koran</strong><br />
Unfortunately, Islamic religious texts, including the Koran and the Hadith contain many passages, which call for Islamic  domination and incite violence against non-Muslims. It is time to change that. Muslim fundamentalists believe that the  Koran is the literal word of Allah. But could Allah, the most Merciful, the most Compassionate, command mass slaughter  of people whose only fault is being non-Muslim?</p>
<p><strong>The Koran &amp; the Bible</strong><br />
Many Bible figures from Adam to Jesus (Isa) are considered to be prophets and are respected by Islam. Islamic scholars  however believe that both the Old and the New Testament came from God, but that they were corrupted by the Jews and  Christians over time. While neither Testament calls for mass murder of unbelievers, the Koran does. Could it be possible  that the Koran itself was corrupted by Muslims over the last thirteen centuries?</p>
<p><strong>The need for reform </strong><br />
Islam, in its present form, is not compatible with principles of freedom and democracy. Twenty-first century Muslims  have two options: we can continue the barbaric policies of the seventh century perpetuated by Hassan al-Banna,  Abdullah Azzam, Yassir Arafat, Ruhollah Khomeini, Osama bin Laden, Muslim Brotherhood, al-Qaeda, Hizballah, Hamas,  Hizb-ut-Tahrir, etc., leading to a global war between Dar al-Islam (Islamic World) and Dar al-Harb (non-Islamic World),  or we can reform Islam to keep our rich cultural heritage and to cleanse our religion from the reviled relics of the past.  We, as Muslims who desire to live in harmony with people of other religions, agnostics, and atheists choose the  latter option. We can no longer allow Islamic extremists to use our religion as a weapon. We must protect future  generations of Muslims from being brainwashed by the Islamic radicals. If we do not stop the spread of Islamic  fundamentalism, our children will become homicidal zombies.</p>
<p><strong>Accepting responsibilities</strong><br />
To start the healing process, we must acknowledge evils done by Muslims in the name of Islam and accept responsibility  for those evils. We must remove evil passages from Islamic religious texts, so that future generations of Muslims will  not be confused by conflicting messages. Our religious message should be loud and clear: Islam is peace; Islam is love;  Islam is light. War, murder, violence, divisiveness &amp; discrimination are not Islamic values.</p>
<p><strong>Religious privacy</strong><br />
Religion is the private matter of every individual. Any person should be able to freely practice any religion as long  as the practice does not interfere with the local laws, and no person must be forced to practice any religion. Just as  people are created equal, there is no one religion that is superior to another. Any set of beliefs that is spread by force  is fundamentally immoral; it is no longer a religion, but a political ideology.</p>
<p><strong>Equality</strong><br />
Islam is one of the many of the world&#8217;s religions. There will be no Peace and Harmony in the World if Muslims and  non-Muslims do not have equal rights. Islamic supremacy doctrine is just as repulsive as Aryan supremacy doctrine.  History clearly shows what happens to the society whose members consider themselves above other peoples. All moderate Muslims  must repudiate the mere notion of Islamic supremacy.</p>
<p><strong>Sharia</strong><br />
Sharia Law must be abolished, because it is incompatible with norms of modern society.</p>
<p><strong>Outdated practices</strong><br />
Any practices that might have been acceptable in the Seventh Century; i.e., stoning, cutting off body parts, marrying and/or  having sex with children or animals, must be condemned by every Muslim.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.reformislam.org/verses.php"><strong>Outdated verses</strong></a><br />
The following verses promote divisiveness and religious hatred, bigotry and discrimination. They must be either  removed from the Koran or declared outdated and invalid, and marked as such.</p>
<p><strong>Outdated words &amp; phrases</strong><br />
Use of the following words and phrases or their variations must be prohibited during religious services:<br />
• Infidel / Unbeliever: these terms have negative connotation and promote divisiveness and animosity; Islam is not the only religion<br />
• Jihad: this word is often interpreted as Holy War against non-Muslims<br />
• Mujaheed / Holy Warrior: no more wars in the name of Islam<br />
• American (Christian / Crusader / Israeli / Zionist) occupation: these terms promote bigotry; at this point in time, Muslims  living in non-Muslim lands have more freedoms than Muslims living in Muslim lands</p>
<p><strong>Islam vs. violence</strong><br />
Islam has no place for violence. Any person calling for an act of violence in the name of Islam must be promptly  excommunicated. Any grievances must be addressed by lawful authorities. It is the religious and civic duty of every  Muslim to unconditionally condemn any act of terrorism perpetrated in the name of Islam. Any Muslim group that has  ties to terrorism in any way, shape, or form, must be universally condemned by both religious and secular Muslims.</p>
<p><strong>Portrayal of Prophets</strong><br />
While portrayal of Prophets is not an acceptable practice in Islam could be personally offensive to some Muslims, other religions do not have such restrictions. Therefore, the portrayal of the Prophets must be treated as a manifestation of free expression.</p>
<p><strong>The Crusades vs. The Inquisition</strong><br />
While the Inquisition was a repulsive practice by Christian Fundamentalists, the Crusades were not unprovoked acts of  aggression, but rather attempts to recapture formerly Christian lands controlled by Muslims.</p>
<p><strong></p>
<h2>Brothers and Sisters!<br />
Do not make the next generation of Muslims clean up your mess!<br />
Fight Islamic Fascism now, so your children won&#8217;t have to!</h2>
<p><a href="http://www.reformislam.org/" target="_blank">http://www.reformislam.org/</a></strong></p>
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